Difference between revisions of "MassachusettsEdicts"

Revision as of 21:13, 3 December 2012

EDICTS

The Grand Masters of Masons in Massachusetts have frequently offered opinions and made declarations from the Oriental Chair of Grand Lodge which have the force of Masonic law within the jurisdiction. These pages list those that appear in the pages of the Proceedings. Thanks to R.W. Bro. Steven Cohn for hard work on this database.

Living Past Grand Masters in Bold Italic.

Edicts and Rulings before 1850

• John Cutler: 1794
• Isaiah Thomas: 1803 1809
• Timothy Bigelow: 1806
• Francis Oliver: 1818
• John Dixwell: 1822
• John Abbot: 1826
• John Soley: 1827
• Joseph Jenkins: 1832
• Augustus Peabody: 1843 1844 1845
• Simon W. Robinson: 1847 1848
• Edward A. Raymond: 1849

• Moore's Freemason's Monthly Magazine:
  • 1843
  • 1844
  • 1845
  • 1846
  • 1847
  • 1848
  • 1849

Edicts and Rulings from 1850-1899

• Edward A. Raymond: 1851
• George M. Randall: 1854
• John T. Heard: 1858
• William Parkman: 1863 1864 1865
• Charles C. Dame: 1866
• William Sewall Gardner: 1869 1870 1871
• Sereno D. Nickerson: 1872 1873 1874
• Percival L. Everett: 1876 1877
• Charles A. Welch: 1878
• Abraham H. Howland, Jr.: 1885
• Edwin B. Holmes: 1895

• Moore's Freemason's Monthly Magazine:
  • 1850
  • 1853
  • 1854
  • 1864
  • 1865
  • 1866

Edicts and Rulings from 1900-1949

• Baalis Sanford: 1904
• Melvin M. Johnson: 1914 1915 1916
• Leon M. Abbott: 1917 1918 1919
• Arthur D. Prince: 1920 1921 1922
• Dudley M. Ferrell: 1923 1924 1925
• Frank L. Simpson: 1926 1927 1928
• Herbert W. Dean: 1929 1930 1931
• Curtis Chipman: 1932 1933 1934
• Claude L. Allen: 1935 1936 1937
• Joseph Earl Perry: 1939 1940
• Albert A. Schaefer: 1941 1942 1943
• Arthur W. Coolidge: 1944
• Samuel H. Wragg: 1945 1946 1947
• Roger Keith: 1948 1949

Edicts and Rulings from 1950-1974

• Roger Keith: 1950
• Thomas S. Roy: 1951 1952 1953
• Whitfield W. Johnson: 1954 1955 1956
• Andrew G. Jenkins: 1957
• Laurence E. Eaton: 1960 1961 1962
• A. Neill Osgood: 1963 1964 1965
• Thomas A. Booth: 1966 1967 1968
• Herbert H. Jaynes: 1969 1970 1971
• Donald W. Vose: 1972 1973 1974

Edicts and Rulings from 1975-1999

• Stanley F. Maxwell: 1975 1976 1977
• Arthur H. Melanson: 1978 1979 1980
• J. Philip Berquist: 1981 1982 1983
• David B. Richardson: 1984 1985 1986
• Albert T. Ames: 1987 1988 1989
• Edgar W. Darling: 1990 1991
• David W. Lovering: 1993 1994 1995
• Arthur E. Johnson: 1996

Edicts and Rulings from 2000 and after

• Fred K. Bauer: 2000 2001
• Donald G. Hicks, Jr.: 2002 2003 2004
• Jeffrey B. Hodgdon: 2005 2006 2007
• Roger W. Pageau: 2008 2009 2010
• Richard J. Stewart: 2011 2012

EDICTS AND RULINGS BY SUBJECT

This is a partial index of edicts and rulings by subject.

A

• "Adam's Rib" program, 1987 (Ames)
• Affiliates, Admission of, Moore 1848; Moore 1849; Moore 1850; Moore 1850
• Alcohol and drug abuse program, 1986 (Richardson)
• Anniversary Medals, 1982 (Berquist)
• Anti-Masonic propaganda, 1952 (Roy); see also the Address; 1985 (Richardson)
• Applicants
  • Age Requirement, Moore 1865; 1973 (Vose); 2003 (Hicks)
  • Investigation, 1937 (Allen); 1953 (Roy)
  • Names in Lodge notice, 1926 (Simpson)
  • New process, 2005 (Hodgdon)
  • Physical Requirements, Moore 1848; Moore 1865; Moore 1866
  • Pre-application procedure, 1937 (Allen)
  • Pre-application statement, 1937 (Allen)
  • Rejection in Balloting, Moore 1848; Moore 1849; Moore 1853; Moore 1853
  • Right of Initiation, 1952 (Roy)
  • Withdrawal of, Moore 1846; 1926 (Simpson)
• Approaching the East and photographs, 2002 (Hicks)

B

• Balloting
  • Action by Master, 1926 (Simpson)
  • By mail, prohibited, 1926 (Simpson)
  • Excuse from, Moore 1848
  • Factious balloting, 1940 (Perry); 1943 (Schaefer); 1946 (Wragg); 1951 (Roy); 1956 (W. Johnson)
  • Irregular Proceedings in, Moore 1848; Moore 1854
  • Objections, Moore 1845; Moore 1850; Moore 1850; Moore 1850; Moore 1864; Moore 1866; Moore 1866
  • On affiliates, Moore 1850
  • On candidate advancement, Moore 1848; Moore 1850
  • On multiple candidates, 1957 (A. Jenkins); 1961 (Eaton); permitted, 2009 (Pageau)
  • Personal prejudice, Moore 1847
  • Reconsideration of, Moore 1849
  • Procedure, described, 1936 (Allen)
  • Tyler's right to vote, 1951 (Roy)
• Begging letters, prohibited, 1923 (Ferrell)
• Bible passages, 1915 (M. Johnson)
• Bonding of officers, 1949 (Keith)

C

• Campaign For Masonry, 2003 (Hicks); 2004 (Hicks)
• Canal Zone, District Grand Lodge, 1979 (Melanson)
• Candidates
  • Accelerated degree program, 2006 (Hodgdon)
  • Advancement, Moore 1849 (in other lodges); Moore 1850; Moore 1854 (staying after ballot); Moore 1866; 1869 (Gardner), 1874 (Nickerson), 1877 (Everett), 1926 (Simpson)
  • Aprons for, 1866 (Dame)
  • Definition, 1863 (Parkman)
  • Dress, 1980 (Melanson)
  • Education, 1943 (Schaefer)
  • Initiation on night of election, 1928 (Simpson); 1929 (H. Dean)
  • Instruction, 1995 (Lovering)
  • Kits, 2011 (Stewart)
  • "Particular Procurement", 1979 (Melanson)
  • Prerequisite Qualifications, Moore 1846
  • Presentation of Diploma, 1930 (H. Dean)
  • Proficiency of, 1925 (Ferrell); 1926 (Simpson); 2001 (Bauer)
  • Recommendation of, Moore 1854
  • Rejected
    • Admission of, Moore 1848
    • Jurisdiction over, Moore 1866
    • Publication of, 1845 (Peabody)
  • Sales tactics aimed at, 1934 (Chipman)
  • Signing by-laws, 1937 (Allen); 2006 (Hodgdon)
  • Stopped candidates, 1952 (Roy)
• Cell phone use, 2011 (Stewart)
• Chain Letters, 1916 (M. Johnson); 1917 (L. Abbott); 1920 (Prince); 1930 (H. Dean); 1935 (Allen); 1951 (Roy); 1952 (Roy); 1954 (W. Johnson); 1964 (Osgood)
• Charters
  • Fee for restoration, 1858 (Heard)
  • Restoration of, 1844 (Peabody); Moore 1847
  • Signatories to, 1872 (Nickerson)
  • Surrender of, Moore 1853
• Cipher
  • Candidate, 1952 (Roy)
  • Official, 1944 (A. Coolidge)
  • Unofficial, 1952 (Roy)
  • Use in Lodge, 1952 (Roy); 1975 (Maxwell)

D

• Debts of lodges, 1832 (J. Jenkins)
• Degrees
  • Conferral on the same day, 1843 (Peabody), Moore 1844; 1915 (M. Johnson)
  • Conformance, 1921 (Prince)
  • Costumes, 1956 (W. Johnson); 1956 (W. Johnson); 1967 (Booth); 1977 (Maxwell)
  • Decorum during, 1916 (M. Johnson); 1961 (Eaton); 2011 (Stewart)
  • Degree teams, 1946 (Wragg); 1947 (Wragg); 1947 (Wragg); 1975 (Maxwell); 1981 (Berquist); 2009 (Pageau)
  • Directives regarding symbolic work, 1952 (Roy)
  • First Degree lectures, 1972 (Vose); 1975 (Maxwell); 1975 (Maxwell)
  • Floor work, 1936 (Allen)
  • Initiation of Sojourners, Moore 1849
  • Interruption of work, 1939 (Perry)
  • Interval between, 1964 (Osgood); 1966 (Booth)
  • Kneeling, 1948 (Keith)
  • Master's jewel, 1935 (Allen)
  • Omission of Lectures prohibited, 1919 (L. Abbott)
  • Parodies of work, 1931 (H. Dean)
  • Participation, 1947 (Wragg)
  • Presentation, 1948 (Keith)
  • Requirement to perform, 1935 (Allen)
  • Ritual changes, 1952 (Roy); 1955 (W. Johnson)
  • Symbolic penalties, reference in presentation, 1939 (Perry); removal from obligation, 1978 (Melanson)
• DeMolay, 1952 (Roy); 1953 (Roy); 1954 (W. Johnson); 1964 (Osgood); 1966 (Booth); 1968 (Booth); 1974 (Vose); 1975 (Maxwell); 1978 (Melanson); 1979 (Melanson); 1987 (Ames); 2008 (Pageau)
• Deputy Grand Master, Powers of, Moore 1854
• Dimits and Certificates of Clearance, Moore 1865; 1927 (Simpson); 1955 (W. Johnson); 1968 (Booth); 1972 (Vose); 1975 (Maxwell); 1976 (Maxwell)
• Disability, as a physical disqualification, 1806 (Bigelow); 1971 (Jaynes)
• Discrimination, 1976 (Maxwell)
• Dispensations
  • For degrees, 1914 (M. Johnson)
  • General, 1941 (Schaefer); 1948 (Keith); 1948 (Keith); 1960 (Eaton); 1978 (Melanson); 1980 (Melanson); 2011 (Stewart)
  • Wartime considerations, 1945 (Wragg)
• District Deputies, meetings of, 1858 (Heard)
• Divinity of Scripture, acknowledgement of, Moore 1850

E

• Education, 1983 (Berquist); 1987 (Ames); 2009 (Pageau)
• Electronic communications, 2003 (Hicks); 2009 (Pageau)
• Entertainment, 1924 (Ferrell); 1930 (H. Dean); Chipman (1932)
• Exemplifications, 1956 (W. Johnson)
• Expulsion, Moore 1846; Moore 1846 (of EAs and FCs); Moore 1847 (and restoration by Grand Lodge); Moore 1848; 1848 (Robinson); Moore 1864

F

• False Representation, 1877 (Everett)
• Foreign languages, use of, 1854 (Randall)

G

• Games of chance and gambling, 1924 (Ferrell); 1932 (Chipman); 1935 (Allen); 1939 (Perry); 1951 (Roy); 1954 (W. Johnson); 1963 (Osgood); 1965 (Osgood); 1966 (Booth); 1971 (Jaynes); 1972 (Vose); 1975 (Maxwell); 1977 (Maxwell); 1986 (Richardson); 2002 (Hicks); 2003 (Hicks)
• George Washington Masonic Memorial, 1960 (Eaton); 1979 (Melanson)
• Grand Constitutions, requirement of familiarity, 1924 (Ferrell)
• Grand Lodge appointments, confidentiality of, 1976 (Maxwell)
• Grand Lodge business manager, 1987 (Ames)
• Grand Lodge Communications, attention to, 1920 (Prince)
• Grand Lodge Conferral of degrees, Moore 1843
• Grand Lodge Dues, delinquency, 1925 (Ferrell); 1983 (Berquist); 1984 (Richardson); 1985 (Richardson); 1985 (Richardson)
• Grand Lodge Officers, in Subordinate Lodges, Moore 1850
• Grand Lodge Programs, 1987 (Ames)
• Grand Lodge Protocol, 1980 (Melanson); 1987 (Ames); 2010 (Pageau)
• Grand Lodge Relief Funds, 2000 (Bauer)
• Grand Lodge Scholarships, 1994 (Lovering)
• Grand Master
  • Powers of, Moore 1849, Moore 1852 (Masons at sight); 1849 (Raymond); 1873 (Nickerson)
  • Precedence of, 1916 (M. Johnson)
• Grand Master's Award, 1981 (Berquist); 1987 (Ames)
• Grand Wardens, Qualifications, Moore 1843
• Grand Wardens, Rights of, Moore 1843

H

• Healing
  • Fee for, 1871 (Gardner)
  • Petitions for, 1874 (Nickerson), 1878 (Welch); 1980 (Melanson)
• Henry Price Medals, 1916 (M. Johnson); 1980 (Melanson)
• Honorary Members of Grand Lodge, 1845 (Peabody)

I

• Information on Masonic standing, 1916 (M. Johnson)
• Innovations in degree presentation, 1895 (Holmes); 1956 (W. Johnson)
• Installations, 1953 (Roy); 1963 (Osgood)
• Instruction of Lodge representatives in Grand Lodge, 1950 (Keith)
• Internet service providers, 2000 (Bauer)
• Investigation of Applicants, 1922 (Prince); 1922 (Prince); 1923 (Ferrell)
• Irregular Masons, 1929 (H. Dean)

J

• Jurisdiction
  • Concurrent jurisdiction, 1973 (Vose)
  • Of Grand Lodge, 1794 (Cutler); Moore 1847; 1851 (Raymond); 1870 (Gardner)
  • Of Lodges, Moore 1865
  • Over Candidates, Moore 1844; Rejected Candidates, Moore 1866
  • Perpetual jurisdiction, 1940 (Perry)
  • Territorial jurisdiction, 1962 (Eaton)
• Jurisdiction over soldiers and sailors, 1920 (Prince)

K

• Ku Klux Klan, 1922 (Prince)

L

• Lewis Jewel, 2007 (Hodgdon)
• Liquor, 1953 (Roy); 1960 (Eaton); 1962 (Eaton); 1966 (Booth); 1971 (Jaynes); 1975 (Maxwell); 1975 (Maxwell); 1976 (Maxwell); 1977 (Maxwell); 1977 (Maxwell); 1978 (Melanson); 1990 (Darling); 2007 (Hodgdon); 2008 (Pageau)
• Lodges
  • Ambassadors, 2005 (Hodgdon)
  • By-laws, Moore 1853 (suspension of by-laws by vote); 1927 (Simpson); 1930 (H. Dean); 1952 (Roy); 1956 (W. Johnson)
  • Class Lodges, 1954 (W. Johnson)
  • Conduct of business on any degree, 2002 (Hicks)
  • Discipline of Members, Moore 1849; 1853
  • Finances, 1933 (Chipman); 1934 (Chipman); 1956 (W. Johnson); 1960 (Eaton); 1962 (Eaton); 1963 (Osgood); 1964 (Osgood); 1993 (Lovering); 2012 (Stewart)
  • Forfeiture of membership in, Moore 1866
  • Funds, use of, 1930 (H. Dean); 1952 (Roy); 1954 (W. Johnson); 1954 (W. Johnson); 1968 (Booth); 1969 (Jaynes); 1971 (Jaynes); 1977 (Maxwell); 1987 (Ames)
  • Jurisdiction, 1954 (W. Johnson)
  • Jurisdiction over rejected applicants, Moore 1865; 1961 (Eaton)
  • Mailings, 1936 (Allen)
  • Memorial services, 1982 (Berquist)
  • Mergers, names, 2009 (Pageau)
  • Notices, 1946 (Wragg); 1956 (W. Johnson); 1960 (Eaton); 1972 (Vose); 1975 (Maxwell); 1976 (Maxwell); 1978 (Melanson); 1985 (Richardson); 1987 (Ames)
  • Officers, Moore 1854 (resignation and demit); 1972 (Vose); 2012 (Stewart)
  • Opening For Work, Moore 1854
  • Programs, 1966 (Booth); 1967 (Booth); 1972 (Vose)
  • Returns, through MORI, 2010 (Pageau)
  • Service, 1977 (Maxwell)
  • Solicitation of Funds, 1968 (Booth)
  • Succession of Officers, Moore 1853
  • Sunday meetings prohibited, 1955 (W. Johnson); 1976 (Maxwell); 1981 (Berquist)
  • Under Dispensation, Candidates initiated in, Moore 1847; Rights of those made in, Moore 1849; Moore 1849; Moore 1850
• Lodges of Instruction, 1940 (Perry); 1945 (Wragg); 1954 (W. Johnson); 1967 (Booth); 1968 (Booth); 1976 (Maxwell); 1985 (Richardson); 2002 (Hicks)

M

• Mailing Lists, use of, 1921 (Prince); 1934 (Chipman)
• Mandamus, writ of, 1872 (Nickerson)
• Masonic Awareness, 1989 (Ames); 1988 (Ames)
• Masonic emblems, display of, 1977 (Maxwell); 1979 (Melanson); 1987 (Ames)
• Masonic funerals, Moore 1846; Moore 1847; Moore 1848; Moore 1848; 1916 (M. Johnson); 1920 (Prince); 1923 (Ferrell); 1975 (Maxwell); 1983 (Berquist); 1989 (Ames); 1990 (Darling)
• Masonic Home, 1977 (Maxwell); 1979 (Melanson)
• Masonic honors, 1947 (Wragg)
• Masonic offenses, definition, 1869 (Gardner); 1934 (Chipman)
• Masonic utterances, by Grand Lodge exclusively, 1923 (Ferrell)
• Master of Lodge
  • Absence at installation, 1925 (Ferrell); 1925 (Ferrell)
  • Duties, 1977 (Maxwell)
  • Power of appointment, 1864 (Parkman), 1866 (Dame)
  • Power of removal, 1865 (Parkman)
  • Qualifications, 1918 (L. Abbott)
  • Right to exclude a Brother, Moore 1864
  • Right to preside, 1926 (Simpson)
• Master's Path, 2005 (Hodgdon)
• Meeting places of lodges, 1827 (Soley)
• Membership
  • Moore 1850; 1968 (Booth); 1978 (Melanson); 1978 (Melanson)
  • Grand Lodge Award for, 2002 (Hicks)
  • Grand Master's Vision, 1980 (Melanson)
  • Of Entered Apprentices and Fellowcrafts, Moore 1853
  • Plural, Moore 1850;1937 (Allen)
  • Restoration, Moore 1854
  • Status at charter restoration, 1871 (Gardner)

N

• Negro Masonry and Prince Hall, 1969 (Jaynes); 1969 (Jaynes); 1970 (Jaynes); 1970 (Jaynes); 1970 (Jaynes); and Connecticut, 1990 (Darling), 1990 (Darling); recognition, 1995 (Lovering)

O

• Oaths of Affirmation, 1806 (Bigelow)
• Officer Training, 1963 (Osgood)
• Officers of Lodges
  • Advancement, 1915 (M. Johnson);
  • Replacement of, Moore 1849
  • Resignation or Demit, Moore 1854
  • Under dispensation, Moore 1846; Moore 1864
• One-Day classes, 1996 (A. Johnson); 2008 (Pageau)
• Open Houses, 1976 (Maxwell)
• Operational Survey of Grand Lodge, 1986 (Richardson)

P

• Parades and public demonstrations, Moore 1847; 1917 (L. Abbott)
• Parliamentary procedure, 1866 (Dame)
• Past Masters
  • Aprons and jewels, 1962 (Eaton); 1962 (Eaton); 1963 (Osgood); 1963 (Osgood)
  • Certificates, 1955 (W. Johnson)
  • Definition, Moore 1854; 1864 (Parkman); 1960 (Eaton)
  • Diplomas, 1952 (Roy); 1971 (Jaynes)
  • Powers of, Moore 1854
  • Gifts, 1956 (W. Johnson)
• Plural membership, Moore 1845; 1937 (Allen)
• Property of lodges, conveyance, 1847 (Robinson)
• Public relations, 1982 (Berquist); 1985 (Richardson); 1987 (Ames); 1989 (Ames)

R

• Rainbow, 1968 (Booth); 1970 (Rainbow); 1970 (Rainbow); 1971 (Jaynes); 2008 (Pageau)
• Recognition of Masonic bodies, 1983 (Berquist)
• Records of Lodge
  • Binding Nature, Moore 1846
  • Master's responsibility, 1822 (Dixwell); Moore 1853
  • Requirements, 1864 (Parkman)
• Redistricting, 2002 (Hicks)
• Regalia, Care of Grand Lodge, 1809 (Thomas)
• Regalia, Illegal use of, 1803 (Thomas)
• Religion
  • And Freemasonry, 1993 (Lovering)
  • Roman Catholicism, 1981 (Berquist)
  • Southern Baptist Convention, 1993 (Lovering)
  • Use of sacred names in Lodge, 1951 (Roy)
• Remission of dues, 1942 (Schaefer)
• Remitted members, reading of names, 1936 (Allen)
• Restoration of membership, Moore 1846; Moore 1864; 1936 (Allen)
• Returns of lodges, requirement to present, 1871 (Gardner)
• Rituals, use of printed books forbidden, 1885 (Howland)
• Rookie Award, 2008 (Pageau)

S

• Salutation, on entering and exiting lodge, 1914 (M. Johnson); on exiting, 1983 (Berquist)
• Secrecy, 1920 (Prince)
• Secretary's Handbook, 1987 (Ames)
• Shrine membership, 1994 (Lovering); 2000 (Bauer)
• Sidearms in lodge prohibited, 1914 (M. Johnson)
• Solicitation of new members, 1918 (L. Abbott); 1920 (Prince)
• Street advertising, 1979 (Melanson)
• Summons
  • Form of, 1848 (Robinson)
  • Obligation to respond to Grand Lodge, 1826 (Abbot)
  • Right of, by a lodge, 1818 (Oliver)
• Suspensions and reinstatements, Moore 1846; Moore 1849; 1916 (M. Johnson); 1926 (Simpson); 1930 (H. Dean); 1943 (Schaefer); 1994 (Lovering)
• Sword of Bunker Hill, 1960 (Eaton)

T

• Table lodges, 1966 (Booth); 1971 (Jaynes); 1973 (Vose); 1981 (Berquist)
• Temples
  • Building, 1964 (Osgood)
  • Insurance, 1982 (Berquist); 1983 (Berquist)
  • Ownership and insurance, 1994 (Lovering)
  • Taxation, 1965 (Osgood); 1968 (Booth); 1968 (Booth)
  • Use of Word 'Temple', 1994 (Lovering)
• Toleration, 1960 (Eaton)
• Trestle-board, use of, 1937 (Allen)
• Trials
  • Candidates who falsely represent themselves, Moore 1849
  • Charges, 1876 (Everett)
  • Contempt of Grand Lodge, 1873 (Nickerson)
  • Evidence, 1873 (Nickerson)
  • In Lodges Under Dispensation, Moore 1865
  • Masonic guilt, 1873 (Nickerson)
  • Of Brothers Affiliating, Moore 1850
  • Of Apprentices, Moore 1850
  • Of Demitted Brothers, Moore 1854
  • Testimony in, 1848 (by non-Masons); Moore 1864; Moore 1866; 1871 (Gardner)
  • Voting, Moore 1866; 1874 (Nickerson)
• Tyler, no requirement to be a member of a Lodge, Moore 1847
• Tyler's right to vote, Moore 1848; 1930 (H. Dean); 1931 (H. Dean)

U

• Uniform Receipt of Dues, 1927 (Simpson)
• Universal League of Free Masons, 1972 (Vose)

V

• Vision Statement, 1994 (Lovering)
• Visitors to lodges
  • Admission, 1904 (Sanford)
  • Candidates, 1952 (Roy)
  • Covering, 1914 (M. Johnson)
  • Duties of Tyler, 1927 (Simpson)
  • Inter-jurisdictional, 1926 (Simpson)
  • Objections, Moore 1866
  • Privileges, 1870 (Gardner)
  • Requirements for, 1872 (Nickerson); 1936 (Allen); 1973 (Vose)
  • Right of Visit, Moore 1844; Moore 1847
  • Right to Vote, Moore 1848
• Voting: Obligation of members to vote; Moore 1845

W

• Waivers of Jurisdiction, 1926 (Simpson); 1926 (Simpson); 1927 (Simpson); 1961 (Eaton)
• War Relief Fund, 1954 (W. Johnson)
• Wardens, powers of, 1919 (L. Abbott)
• Wartime Conditions
  • Logistics, 1942 (Schaefer)
  • Meetings, 1945 (Wragg)
  • Public service, 1942 (Schaefer)
  • Transportation, 1943 (Schaefer)